Why Are They Described As Curry Stones?

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Paper 4 These Sample papers are part of Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Paper 4. Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here.

Paper 4 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 History is given below with free PDF download solutions.
Time: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80 General Instructions (i) Answer all the questions.
Some questions have internal choice.
Marks are indicated against each question.
Ii) Answer to question nos 1 to 3 carrying 2 marks should not exceed 30 words each.

(iii) Answer to question nos.4 to 9 carrying 4 marks should not exceed 100 words. Students, should attempt only 5 questions in this section. (i) Question 10 (for 4 marks) is a value based question and compulsory question. (v) Answer to question nos 11 to 13 carrying 8 marks should not exceed 350 words.

PART-A
Answer all the Questions Given Below:
Question 1: Which war is said to have changed Asoka and why?

Question 2: Name the book written by Bernier. What did he write about Sati system?

Question 3: What do you mean by the sunset law?
PART-B Section-I
Answer any Five of the Following Questions:
Question 4: Mention the features of Harappan writing.
Question 5: The kings of Vijayanagara Empire were in constant competition with their contemporaries?

Question 6: Who were the Shakas? Explain.

Question 7: Explain the characteristics of accounts left by travellers.
Question 8: Discuss the August Offer of 1940.
Question 9: Explain the provincial election of 1937 with special reference to the performance of the Muslim League.
Section II
Value Based Question
Question 10: Read the following passage and answer the question that follow.

“Every one should speak in a language that common people could easily understand. Hindustani a blend of Hindi and Urdu was a popular language of a large section of the people of India, and it was a composite, language enriched by the interaction of diverse culture over the years it had incorporated words and terms from very many different sources and was therefore understood by people from various regions.

PART-C
Answer All the Questions Given Below:
Question 11: Explain the teachings of Jainism and Tirathankars. OR
Describe the teachings of the Buddha.

Question 12: Traditions of the titles, gifts and peskash were the part of Mughal court. Justify the statement with examples. OR What was the religions policy of Akbar? Question 13: ‘The most remarkable features of the Uprising of 1857 was the solidarity among rebels evident during the course of the suppression of the revolt.

PART-D
Source Based Questions
Question 14: Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follow
How artifacts are identified

Processing of food required grinding equipment as well as vessels for mixing, blending and cooking. These were made of stone, metal and terracotta. This is an excerpt from one of the earliest reports on excavations at Mohenjodaro, the best-known Harappan site: Saddle querns are found in considerable numbers and they seem to have been the only means in use for grinding cereals.

As a rule, they were roughly made of hard, gritty, igneous rock or sandstone and mostly show signs of hard usage.
As their bases are usually convex, they must have been,
Set in the earth or in mud to prevent their rocking.
Two main types have been found: those on which another smaller stone was pushed or rolled to and fro, and others with which a second stone was used as a pounder, eventually making a large cavity in the nether stone.

Querns of the former type were probably used solely for grain; the second type possibly only for pounding herbs and spices for making curries. In fact, stones of this latter type are dubbed “cuny stones” by our workmen and our cook asked for the loan of one from the museum for use in the kitchen.

What are the two types of querns?
What materials were used in the making of these querns?
Why are they described as ‘curry stones’?

Question 15: Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follows: Peasants on the move This was a feature of agrarian society which struck a keen observer like Babur, the first Mughal emperor, forcefully enough for him to write about it in the Babur Nama, his memoirs: In Hindustan hamlets and villages, towns indeed, are depopulated and set up in a moment! If the people of a large town, one inhabited for years even, fk e from it, they do it in such a way that not a sign or trace of them remains in a day and a half.

What formed the backbone of Indian agriculture? List some of the frequently cultivated crops as well as commercial crops.
Why could state not indulge in excessive exploitation of the peasants?
What were the different categories of peasant?

Question 16: Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follow. Escaping to the countryside This is how the famous poet Mirza Ghalib described what the people of Delhi did when the British forces occupied the city in 1857: Smiting the enemy and driving him before them, the victors (i.e., the British) overran the city in all directions.

All whom they found in the street they cut down For two to three days every road in the city, from the Kashmiri Gate to Chandni Chowk, was a battlefield.
Three gates – the Ajmeri, the Turcoman and the Delhi – were still held by the rebels At the naked spectacle of this vengeful wrath and malevolent hatred the colour fled from men’s faces, and a vast concourse of men and women took to precipitate flight through these three gates.

Seeking the little villages and shrines outside the city, they drew breath to wait until such time as might favour their return.

Mention the names of the gates which formed an integral part of city of Delhi
Separation between towns and country was fluid. Write two reasons.
Explain the features that distinguished the towns from the rural areas in pre British period.

PART-E Map Questions Question 17: 17.1. On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate * symbols. (a) Dacca- city under British control 1857 (b) Jabalpur- A centre of the revolt.17.2. On the same outline map of India three places related to the Territories under Mughals have been marked as A, B and ‘C\ Identify them and write their names correcuy on the lines drawn near them.

Answer 2: (i) Bernier wrote the book ‘Travels in the Mughal Empire’.
(ii) According to him while some womens seemed to accept their fate cheerfully, others were forced to commit Sati, became angered by burning of a 12 year old widow forcefully.
Answer 3: (i) The sunset law was associated with the land revenue.
(ii) If the payment did not come in by sunset of a particular the zamindari was known as jotedars.

Answer 4: (i) The Indus script to date remains undeciphered. It consists of a large number of signs and symbols. According to some historians the script was pictographic. (ii) Other historians believed that its script is phonetic. It is not alphabetical as it has too many signs between 375-400.

Iii) There are no positive results to match any two symbols.
By the computer analysis the direction of writing has been revealed as going from right to left.
Iv) The Indus script has not been related to any other historical context as the case with Sumer and Egyptian script.
Answer 5: (i) The kings of Vijayanagara were in constant competition with contemporary rulers.

The conflict arising over the possession of the wealth and resources of the Raichur Doab, a fertile area between the river krishna and its tributary, the Tungabhadra. (ii) The struggle for the capturing of the Krishna Godavari basin which was very fertile and its many parts controlled the foreign trade of the region.

Iii) In the Maratha territory, the main cause was for control of the Konkan and the area which gave access to it.
Onkan was very narrow part of land between Western Ghats and the sea.
Iv) It was extremely fertile, and included within it the port of Goa which was an important outlet for the products of the region as well as for the import of horses from Iran and Iraq.

Good quality horses were not bred in India. The import of horses was thus of great importance to the southern states. Answer 6: (i) The Shakas were the Central Asian people who had migrated and settled in north-western parts of the sub-continent. (ii) They were regarded as ‘Mlechchas’ barbarians or outside by the Brahmanas.

Iii) One of the earliest inscriptions, in Sanskrit describes Rudradaman as the best known Shaka ruler (2nd century CE).
Iv) He is known to have rebuilt the Sudarshan Lake, described that strong Mlechchas were familiar with Sanskrit traditions.
Answer 7: (i) Accounts that survive of travellers are different in terms of their subject matter and strategies.

Many deal with the matters of the court whereas some focused on the religious issues. (ii) Abdul Razzaq Samargandi, a diplomat has left the vivid description of the city of Vijaynagar in 15th century. (iii) Travellers who travelled within the sub continent as administrators have left interesting accounts of popular customers, the folklore and traditions.

Iv) Whether some travellers altered to the differences others exceptional note what they find unusual.
Their accounts help in reconstruction and enriching our knowledge of the past.
Answer 8: (i) Lord Linlithgow made a declaration on 8th august, 1940.
It was known as the August Offer.
Ii) The declaration stated that after the war, a Constituent Assembly would be convened to frame the Indian constitution.

(iii) It was promised to safeguard the interest of minorities in the new constitution. (iv) During the war, he declared that some Indians to his executive and war council would be nominated. It was as interim measure. Answer 9: (i) In 1937, under the Act of 1935 elections to the provincial legislatures were held first time.

The congress did well winning an absolute majority in five out of 11 provinces.
Ii) The Congress formed government in seven out of eleven provinces.
The Congress and Muslim League performed badly in constituencies reserved for the Muslims.
Iii) In NWFP, Bengal, Punjab, and Sind the Muslim league fared poorly.

Only 4.4% of the total muslim vote cast in this election. Its social support was weak. (iv) The league failed to win a single seat in NWFP. It captured only two out of 84 reserved constituencies in Punjab and three out of thirty three in Sind. Answer 10: Expected values

Unity in Diversity
Mutual cooperation.
To develop the feelings of nationalism,
Fraternity
Communal Harmony (Any four)

Answer 11:

The Tirthankars preached about a new religion which came to be known as Jainism. According to them the last aim of life is the attainment of Nirvana. Pure knowledge, pure character and pure philosophy are three means to attain Nirvana. They are known as Triratna.
The followers of this religion believed in asceticism and penance. They believed that salvation could be achieved by giving more and more pain to the body so they gave lot of pain to their bodies.
Jainism is the great patron of Ahimsa in life. The followers believe that every things of the world are animate. According to them it is a sin to be a reason and injury to human beings, animal, plant or sect.
The followers of this religion accept the existence of God but they do not believe in God. They worship their Tirthankars.
The disciples neither consider the Vedas as having divine knowledge nor the means of salvation mentioned in the Vedas. According to them, soul will be free from the bond of karma. As the cycle of karma ends the individual attains salvation.
They accept the existence of soul. They believe that soul is immortal while it is in the body it is distinct and different from the body.
According to its philosophy, all the people are equal No one to be high or low on the basis of caste. So, they do not believe in casteism. The cycle of birth and re-birth will be shaped by the Karmas. It emphasizes to perform good deeds for next birth.
Tirthankar Mahavir inspired and taught to his followers to lead a high world life. He beawared them from anger, greed, jealously, theft, censure and unethical deeds.

Mahatma Buddha preached very simple teachings and followers adopted them very easily. He streesed on four noble truths (i) The world is full of sorrows (ii) The cause of sorrow is desire (iii) Conquer sorrow by conquering desire (iv) Desire can be conquered by eight fold path.
The eight fold path: (i) Right Belief (ii) Right thought, (iii) Right speech, (iv) Right Action, (v) Right means of livelihood, (vi) Right effort, (vii) Right Recollection, (viii) Right Meditation.
One should not hurt living beings with action, speech or heart. Killing animals and animals sacrifice is a sin. To show love and sympathy with others and follow the non-violence.
It accepts the karma theory, one gets result of his present actions in the next birth. Do good get good results and do bad to get bad results. To have better future one has to do good deeds.
The main aim of an individual is to attain nibbana. He would not want to indugle himself in the quarrel of heaven or hell. One who attains Nibbana gets away from the cycle of birth and death.
He did not believe in worship of God, and Goddess. He remained mum in the regard of authority of God. According to him, an authority exists which runs the universe, it is Dharma instead of God. The sacrifice of animals is a useless rituals and customs. He discarded the theory of Hinduism that Moksha can be attained by it. The chanting of mantras was considered useless.
According to his views about vedas and Sanskrit, were very much different from the Hinduism. True knowledge might be given in any language. He rejected to accept Sanskrit as more sacred than other languages. No more importance was given to vedas.
He did not believe in discrimination on the caste system. All human beings are equal and no one to be considered superior or inferior on caste basis. He did not favour of stricts meditation. Nothing could be attained by not eating or drinking anything. Staying in the family life one could attain nibbana.

Answer 12:

Mughal rulers used to adopt big titles at the time of coronation or after a victory over any enemy. These titles were announced by naqib. An atmosphere of awe was created in the evidence. Such title of the reigning ruler with royal protocol were on the Mughal coins.
The important aspect of Mughal polity was to give the titles to able persons. The promotion of any courtier or others in court hierarchy was known by the titles which he held.
Aurangzeb gave title of Mirza Raja to his top most nobles Jai singh and Jaswant Singh. These titles could either be earned or paid. Mirkhan gave ? one lakh to Aurangeb for the letter Alif means A, to be added to make a change it to Amir Khan.
The robe of honour-khilat was included with rewards, that was a garment once worn by the Emperor. Sarapa was another gift. It had three parts-a tunic, a turban and a sash. Rulers used to gift jewelled ornaments.
In very rare circumstances, emperor used to give the lotus blosom set with jewels.
Courtiers df the Mughal courts never approached the emperor empty handed. They offered either small amount of money as nazr or a large amount as peshkash.
Gifts were considered as the symbols of respect and honour in diplomatic relations. The Diplomats used to do an important work to negotiate treaties between competing political powers.
Thomas Roy was very much disappointed whenever he got back the ring which he gifted to Asaf Khan. Which was not costly.

Akbar’s religious policy was based on the concepts of liberalness and tolerance. His mother Hamidabano Begum was Shia. He was influenced by her liberal and tolerable nature.
Akbar remained under the protection of Bairam Khan. A direct impact of liberal ideas of Bairam khan and his teacher Abdul Latiff was observed. He established marital relations with Rajputs. Hindu Queen played an influencive role in changing his religious ideas.
The liberal religious ideas were propagated by the Sufi saints. It also helped in changing Akbar’s religious ideas.
It was a demand of that time because Akbar was willing to extend the boundary of his, empire and give a strong regime so he wanted to have cooperation of both Hindus and Muslims.
At Fatehpur Sikri he set Ibadatkhana. Various religious leaders used to express their ideas. Akbar used to find the truth from all religions not from a particular religion.
Akbar founded a new religion Din-i-Ilahi in 1582. In this religion, he included all the basic concepts and elements of all the religions and sects.
God, Goddeses, Pir etc had no place in it. It mentioned that God is one and Akbar in his top most devotee. Followers of this religion were not allowed to be non-vegetarian.
Followers of this religions used to greet each other as they used to say Allah-hu-Akbar. they were always ready to sacrifice every thing for the emperor. It could not became a popular religion because Akbar hardly propagated it among the masses.

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Answer 13:

The very first thing was that mutineer reached Delhi and they appealed to Bahadur Shah to lead them and proclaimed him Shah-en-Shah Hindustan. The others were Kanpur, Jhansi etc.
The rebels sought leadership of erst while rulers. It helped to ensure legitimacy and unity among the rebels.
The rebels proclamations of 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of Indian population irrespective of their caste and creed.
It was made in Hindi, Urdu and Persian, called upon Hindus and Muslims, to unite and rise.
The proclamations were issued by muslim princes or in their names took care to address the sentiments of Hindus.
The defence of religion and the fight against the British were seen as closely linked to each other in which both Hindus and Muslims had equal stake.
The Ishtahars played important role to hold back to the pre-British Hindu-Muslim past and glorified the co-existance of different communities under the Mughal regime.
The standard of Mohammad and Mahavir were emphasised by the nation of Bahadur Shah.

There was wide spread sense of grief. An observer explained “The life was gone out of the body.” The annexation displaced not only the Nawab but affected all levels-taluqdar, peasant, sepoy created an atmosphere of rebellion in Awadh.
It disengaged the taluqdars of land and power as taluqdars of southern Awadh lost more than 1/2 of the villages which they had previously held. They were disarmed and their forts destroyed.
The ties of loyalty and patronage that bound the taluqdar and peasant were disrupted, leading to breakdown of social order.
Farmers were the subject to greater oppression and exploitation higher land revenue and inflexible methods of collections. That had no guarantee that state would be considerate in times of crop failure or their other social needs.
Grievances of the farmers were carried to the sepoy lines. One-third of the Britsh army consisted of sepoys from Awadh. Common man had to pay higher land revenue an additional taxes on articles as food, houses and justice etc.
Removal of the Nawab adversely affected the livelihood of many musicians, dancers, poets and administrative officials. Nobles, gentlemen and officials together with their retainers were thrown out of employment.
Artisans merchants etc who catered to the needs of the Awadh Court were adversely affected.
People came to recognise British raj with the end of all that they valued, respected and held dear.

Answer 14: (i) (a) The first type of quems were probably used for grain as smaller stone was pushed or rolled to and pro over the base stone which were usually converse. (b) The second type of quern was a pounder lastly making a large cavity in the nether stone.

C) It was possibly used for providing herbs, and spices for making curries.
Ii) The quems were as a rale made of hard; gritty igneous rock or sand stone.
Iii) (a) The second type of quems are described as ‘curry stones’ as they were probably used to pound herbs and spices.
B) They were used for making currier.

So they were called as curry stones. Answer 15: (i) (a) The monsoons formed the backbone of Indian agriculture. (ii) Rice, wheat or millets were the crops cultivated frequently. (c) Sugarcane and cotton were the commercial crops. (ii) (a) At that time, the state was aware not to indulge in excessive exploitation of the peasants as in case of excessive stress peasants took recourse to more drastic.

(iii) (a) Khud-khasta (b) Pahi-khasta
Answer 16: (i) (a) Kashmere Gate, Amjeri Gate
(b) Turkman Gate

(ii) (a) People sought shelter in the countryside whenever towns were attacked at the time of the revolt of 1857. (b) Peasants travelled long distances on pilgrimages passing through towns. They flocked to towns during times of famine; seeking alternate mode of employment. We hope the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Paper 4 help you. If you have any query regarding CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Paper 4, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest. : CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Paper 4

Contents

0.1 Why are they described as Kari stones?

1 What are two types of querns?
- 1.1 What are the two types of saddle querns?
2 What were saddle querns made of?
3 Why are they described as curry stones Class 12?
4 What is curry stones Class 12 history?
5 What were Quern stones used for?
- 5.1 What simple machine is a quern?
  - 5.1.1 How does a quern stone work?
6 How many saddle types are there?
7 What is the knob on the front of a saddle called?
- 7.1 Did medieval saddles have horns?
  - 7.1.1 Why do saddles have pommels?
8 Did Harappans use stone blades or metal tools?
- 8.1 Where were the large granaries found?
9 What is plight of Harappa?
10 What do you understand by the term rotary querns?
11 When was the Rotary Quern invented?
- 11.1 What is used for grinding in olden days?

Why are they described as Kari stones?

Read carefully the excerpts given below and answer the questions that follow: How artefacts are identified Processing of food required grinding equipment as well as vessels for mixing, blending and cooking. These were made of stone, metal and terracotta.

This is an excerpt from one of the earliest reports on excavations at Mohenjodaro, the best-known Harappan site: Saddle querns,
Are found in considerable numbers,
And they seem to have been the only means in use for grinding cereals.
As a rule, they were roughly made of hard, gritty, igneous rock or sandstone and mostly show signs of hard usage.

As their bases are usually convex, they must have been set in the earth or in mud to prevent their rocking. Two main types have been found: those on which another smaller stone was pushed or rolled to and fro, and other with which a second stone was used as a pounder, eventually making a large cavity in the neither stone.

Querns of the former type possibly only for pounding herbs and spices for making curries.
In fact, stones of this latter type are dubbed “curry stones” by our workmen and our cook asked for the loan of one from the museum for use in the kitchen.A.
Which type of querns have been found in Mohenjodaro? B.

Write the characteristics of the saddle querns.C. Which two main types of querns have been found in Mohenjodaro? Write their different uses, for which those both types of querns were used. A. Saddle querns are found in Mohenjodaro. Most probably those querns were put in use for grinding cereals.B.

I) Saddle querns are found in considerable numbers. (ii) They seem to have been the only mean in the use for grinding cereals. (iii) They were roughly made of hard, gritty, igneous rock or sandstone and mostly show signs of hard usage. As their bases were usually convex, they must have been set-up in the earth or in mud to prevent them from rocking.C.

Two main types of querns have been found: those on which another smaller stone was pushed or rolled to and fro and others with which a second stone was used as a pounder, eventually making a large cavity in the neither stone. Querns of the former type were probably used solely for grain, the second type possibly only for pounding herbs and spices for making curries.

What are two types of querns?

The upper stone of a Scottish hand quern from Dalgarven Mill, North Ayrshire Nepali women using quern-stones to grind grains Quern-stones are stone tools for hand- grinding a wide variety of materials. They are used in pairs. The lower stationary stone of early examples is called a saddle quern, while the upper mobile stone is called a muller, rubber or handstone,

The upper stone was moved in a back-and-forth motion across the saddle quern. Later querns are known as rotary querns. The central hole of a rotary quern is called the eye, and a dish in the upper surface is known as the hopper, A handle slot contained a handle which enabled the rotary quern to be rotated.

They were first used in the Neolithic era to grind cereals into flour.

What are the two types of saddle querns?

Two broad forms were identified; ovoid saddle quern and elongated saddle querns (see Appendix I).

What were saddle querns made of?

Saddle Quern What is it? A Saddle Quern from Ballymacfin, near Mosside. Querns were first used during the Neolithic period for grinding grain to make flour. They were also known as ‘corn crushers’, ‘mealing stones’ and ‘grain grinders’ and have been discovered in primitive civilisations all over the world.

How was it used? The saddle quern consists of two parts: the lower stone (bedstone) and the upper stone (rubber).
The constant grinding motion of using a quern was very tiring work.
In Abu Hureyra, Syria, archaeologists have found abnormalities in the bone structure of ancient skeletons which they believe to have been caused by prolonged use of a saddle quern.

People in Ireland began farming 6,500 years ago during the Neolithic period (New Stone Age). For the first time, communities began to grow their own crops and keep livestock, rather than relying on hunting. By growing cereal crops of wheat, oats, barley and rye, new foods were introduced to the daily diet, including porridge and bread.

Saddle querns were gradually replaced by rotary querns which were easier to use and caused less physical strain. A rotary quern consists of two disc shaped stones with holes through the middle and on the outer edge. A handle was inserted to turn the upper stone. Querns were used in Ireland until the late 19th and early 20th centuries and are still found in some remote communities in Africa.

: Saddle Quern

Why are they described as curry stones Class 12?

Paper 4 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 History is given below with free PDF download solutions. Time: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80 General Instructions (i) Answer all the questions. Some questions have internal choice. Marks are indicated against each question. (ii) Answer to question nos 1 to 3 carrying 2 marks should not exceed 30 words each.

PART-A
Answer all the Questions Given Below:
Question 1: Which war is said to have changed Asoka and why?

Question 2: Name the book written by Bernier. What did he write about Sati system?

Question 3: What do you mean by the sunset law?
PART-B Section-I
Answer any Five of the Following Questions:
Question 4: Mention the features of Harappan writing.
Question 5: The kings of Vijayanagara Empire were in constant competition with their contemporaries?

Question 6: Who were the Shakas? Explain.

Question 7: Explain the characteristics of accounts left by travellers.
Question 8: Discuss the August Offer of 1940.
Question 9: Explain the provincial election of 1937 with special reference to the performance of the Muslim League.
Section II
Value Based Question
Question 10: Read the following passage and answer the question that follow.

PART-C
Answer All the Questions Given Below:
Question 11: Explain the teachings of Jainism and Tirathankars. OR
Describe the teachings of the Buddha.

PART-D
Source Based Questions
Question 14: Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follow
How artifacts are identified

As a rule, they were roughly made of hard, gritty, igneous rock or sandstone and mostly show signs of hard usage. As their bases are usually convex, they must have been, set in the earth or in mud to prevent their rocking. Two main types have been found: those on which another smaller stone was pushed or rolled to and fro, and others with which a second stone was used as a pounder, eventually making a large cavity in the nether stone.

What are the two types of querns?
What materials were used in the making of these querns?
Why are they described as ‘curry stones’?

What formed the backbone of Indian agriculture? List some of the frequently cultivated crops as well as commercial crops.
Why could state not indulge in excessive exploitation of the peasants?
What were the different categories of peasant?

All whom they found in the street they cut down For two to three days every road in the city, from the Kashmiri Gate to Chandni Chowk, was a battlefield.
Three gates – the Ajmeri, the Turcoman and the Delhi – were still held by the rebels At the naked spectacle of this vengeful wrath and malevolent hatred the colour fled from men’s faces, and a vast concourse of men and women took to precipitate flight through these three gates.

Seeking the little villages and shrines outside the city, they drew breath to wait until such time as might favour their return.

Mention the names of the gates which formed an integral part of city of Delhi
Separation between towns and country was fluid. Write two reasons.
Explain the features that distinguished the towns from the rural areas in pre British period.

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Answer 2: (i) Bernier wrote the book ‘Travels in the Mughal Empire’.
(ii) According to him while some womens seemed to accept their fate cheerfully, others were forced to commit Sati, became angered by burning of a 12 year old widow forcefully.
Answer 3: (i) The sunset law was associated with the land revenue.
(ii) If the payment did not come in by sunset of a particular the zamindari was known as jotedars.

Iii) There are no positive results to match any two symbols. By the computer analysis the direction of writing has been revealed as going from right to left. (iv) The Indus script has not been related to any other historical context as the case with Sumer and Egyptian script. Answer 5: (i) The kings of Vijayanagara were in constant competition with contemporary rulers.

Iii) In the Maratha territory, the main cause was for control of the Konkan and the area which gave access to it.
Onkan was very narrow part of land between Western Ghats and the sea.
Iv) It was extremely fertile, and included within it the port of Goa which was an important outlet for the products of the region as well as for the import of horses from Iran and Iraq.

Iii) One of the earliest inscriptions, in Sanskrit describes Rudradaman as the best known Shaka ruler (2nd century CE).
Iv) He is known to have rebuilt the Sudarshan Lake, described that strong Mlechchas were familiar with Sanskrit traditions.
Answer 7: (i) Accounts that survive of travellers are different in terms of their subject matter and strategies.

(iv) Whether some travellers altered to the differences others exceptional note what they find unusual. Their accounts help in reconstruction and enriching our knowledge of the past. Answer 8: (i) Lord Linlithgow made a declaration on 8th august, 1940. It was known as the August Offer. (ii) The declaration stated that after the war, a Constituent Assembly would be convened to frame the Indian constitution.

The congress did well winning an absolute majority in five out of 11 provinces. (ii) The Congress formed government in seven out of eleven provinces. The Congress and Muslim League performed badly in constituencies reserved for the Muslims. (iii) In NWFP, Bengal, Punjab, and Sind the Muslim league fared poorly.

Unity in Diversity
Mutual cooperation.
To develop the feelings of nationalism,
Fraternity
Communal Harmony (Any four)

Answer 11:

The Tirthankars preached about a new religion which came to be known as Jainism. According to them the last aim of life is the attainment of Nirvana. Pure knowledge, pure character and pure philosophy are three means to attain Nirvana. They are known as Triratna.
The followers of this religion believed in asceticism and penance. They believed that salvation could be achieved by giving more and more pain to the body so they gave lot of pain to their bodies.
Jainism is the great patron of Ahimsa in life. The followers believe that every things of the world are animate. According to them it is a sin to be a reason and injury to human beings, animal, plant or sect.
The followers of this religion accept the existence of God but they do not believe in God. They worship their Tirthankars.
The disciples neither consider the Vedas as having divine knowledge nor the means of salvation mentioned in the Vedas. According to them, soul will be free from the bond of karma. As the cycle of karma ends the individual attains salvation.
They accept the existence of soul. They believe that soul is immortal while it is in the body it is distinct and different from the body.
According to its philosophy, all the people are equal No one to be high or low on the basis of caste. So, they do not believe in casteism. The cycle of birth and re-birth will be shaped by the Karmas. It emphasizes to perform good deeds for next birth.
Tirthankar Mahavir inspired and taught to his followers to lead a high world life. He beawared them from anger, greed, jealously, theft, censure and unethical deeds.

Mahatma Buddha preached very simple teachings and followers adopted them very easily. He streesed on four noble truths (i) The world is full of sorrows (ii) The cause of sorrow is desire (iii) Conquer sorrow by conquering desire (iv) Desire can be conquered by eight fold path.
The eight fold path: (i) Right Belief (ii) Right thought, (iii) Right speech, (iv) Right Action, (v) Right means of livelihood, (vi) Right effort, (vii) Right Recollection, (viii) Right Meditation.
One should not hurt living beings with action, speech or heart. Killing animals and animals sacrifice is a sin. To show love and sympathy with others and follow the non-violence.
It accepts the karma theory, one gets result of his present actions in the next birth. Do good get good results and do bad to get bad results. To have better future one has to do good deeds.
The main aim of an individual is to attain nibbana. He would not want to indugle himself in the quarrel of heaven or hell. One who attains Nibbana gets away from the cycle of birth and death.
He did not believe in worship of God, and Goddess. He remained mum in the regard of authority of God. According to him, an authority exists which runs the universe, it is Dharma instead of God. The sacrifice of animals is a useless rituals and customs. He discarded the theory of Hinduism that Moksha can be attained by it. The chanting of mantras was considered useless.
According to his views about vedas and Sanskrit, were very much different from the Hinduism. True knowledge might be given in any language. He rejected to accept Sanskrit as more sacred than other languages. No more importance was given to vedas.
He did not believe in discrimination on the caste system. All human beings are equal and no one to be considered superior or inferior on caste basis. He did not favour of stricts meditation. Nothing could be attained by not eating or drinking anything. Staying in the family life one could attain nibbana.

Answer 12:

Mughal rulers used to adopt big titles at the time of coronation or after a victory over any enemy. These titles were announced by naqib. An atmosphere of awe was created in the evidence. Such title of the reigning ruler with royal protocol were on the Mughal coins.
The important aspect of Mughal polity was to give the titles to able persons. The promotion of any courtier or others in court hierarchy was known by the titles which he held.
Aurangzeb gave title of Mirza Raja to his top most nobles Jai singh and Jaswant Singh. These titles could either be earned or paid. Mirkhan gave ? one lakh to Aurangeb for the letter Alif means A, to be added to make a change it to Amir Khan.
The robe of honour-khilat was included with rewards, that was a garment once worn by the Emperor. Sarapa was another gift. It had three parts-a tunic, a turban and a sash. Rulers used to gift jewelled ornaments.
In very rare circumstances, emperor used to give the lotus blosom set with jewels.
Courtiers df the Mughal courts never approached the emperor empty handed. They offered either small amount of money as nazr or a large amount as peshkash.
Gifts were considered as the symbols of respect and honour in diplomatic relations. The Diplomats used to do an important work to negotiate treaties between competing political powers.
Thomas Roy was very much disappointed whenever he got back the ring which he gifted to Asaf Khan. Which was not costly.

Akbar’s religious policy was based on the concepts of liberalness and tolerance. His mother Hamidabano Begum was Shia. He was influenced by her liberal and tolerable nature.
Akbar remained under the protection of Bairam Khan. A direct impact of liberal ideas of Bairam khan and his teacher Abdul Latiff was observed. He established marital relations with Rajputs. Hindu Queen played an influencive role in changing his religious ideas.
The liberal religious ideas were propagated by the Sufi saints. It also helped in changing Akbar’s religious ideas.
It was a demand of that time because Akbar was willing to extend the boundary of his, empire and give a strong regime so he wanted to have cooperation of both Hindus and Muslims.
At Fatehpur Sikri he set Ibadatkhana. Various religious leaders used to express their ideas. Akbar used to find the truth from all religions not from a particular religion.
Akbar founded a new religion Din-i-Ilahi in 1582. In this religion, he included all the basic concepts and elements of all the religions and sects.
God, Goddeses, Pir etc had no place in it. It mentioned that God is one and Akbar in his top most devotee. Followers of this religion were not allowed to be non-vegetarian.
Followers of this religions used to greet each other as they used to say Allah-hu-Akbar. they were always ready to sacrifice every thing for the emperor. It could not became a popular religion because Akbar hardly propagated it among the masses.

Answer 13:

The very first thing was that mutineer reached Delhi and they appealed to Bahadur Shah to lead them and proclaimed him Shah-en-Shah Hindustan. The others were Kanpur, Jhansi etc.
The rebels sought leadership of erst while rulers. It helped to ensure legitimacy and unity among the rebels.
The rebels proclamations of 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of Indian population irrespective of their caste and creed.
It was made in Hindi, Urdu and Persian, called upon Hindus and Muslims, to unite and rise.
The proclamations were issued by muslim princes or in their names took care to address the sentiments of Hindus.
The defence of religion and the fight against the British were seen as closely linked to each other in which both Hindus and Muslims had equal stake.
The Ishtahars played important role to hold back to the pre-British Hindu-Muslim past and glorified the co-existance of different communities under the Mughal regime.
The standard of Mohammad and Mahavir were emphasised by the nation of Bahadur Shah.

There was wide spread sense of grief. An observer explained “The life was gone out of the body.” The annexation displaced not only the Nawab but affected all levels-taluqdar, peasant, sepoy created an atmosphere of rebellion in Awadh.
It disengaged the taluqdars of land and power as taluqdars of southern Awadh lost more than 1/2 of the villages which they had previously held. They were disarmed and their forts destroyed.
The ties of loyalty and patronage that bound the taluqdar and peasant were disrupted, leading to breakdown of social order.
Farmers were the subject to greater oppression and exploitation higher land revenue and inflexible methods of collections. That had no guarantee that state would be considerate in times of crop failure or their other social needs.
Grievances of the farmers were carried to the sepoy lines. One-third of the Britsh army consisted of sepoys from Awadh. Common man had to pay higher land revenue an additional taxes on articles as food, houses and justice etc.
Removal of the Nawab adversely affected the livelihood of many musicians, dancers, poets and administrative officials. Nobles, gentlemen and officials together with their retainers were thrown out of employment.
Artisans merchants etc who catered to the needs of the Awadh Court were adversely affected.
People came to recognise British raj with the end of all that they valued, respected and held dear.

C) It was possibly used for providing herbs, and spices for making curries. (ii) The quems were as a rale made of hard; gritty igneous rock or sand stone. (iii) (a) The second type of quems are described as ‘curry stones’ as they were probably used to pound herbs and spices. (b) They were used for making currier.

(iii) (a) Khud-khasta (b) Pahi-khasta
Answer 16: (i) (a) Kashmere Gate, Amjeri Gate
(b) Turkman Gate

What is curry stones Class 12 history?

Curry stones: The type of quern in which the second stone was used as pounder, which eventually made a cavity in the base stone was called curry stones. This type was possibly used only for pounding herbs and spices for making curries.

What were Quern stones used for?

Saddle quern and rubber stone; Iron age; Jarlshof | Hist Env Scotland Quern stones were used for grinding grain into flour. This type is called a saddle quern, and consisted of a large flat or dish shaped stone and a smaller hand or rubber stone. Grain was places onto the saddle stone and the rubber stone was moved backwards and forwards over it, grinding the grain down.

What simple machine is a quern?

Than the water-mill was the quern or hand-mill. It was. called in Irish bro, gen.

How does a quern stone work?

– This rotary quern of the disc type is made from a hard stone called schist. It was used to grind grain into flour for domestic purposes. The two circular stones fit together with the top mobile stone, called the handstone, rotating over the bottom stationary stone, called the quern thereby grinding any grain between them.

The grain is fed in through a central hopper and there are three smaller holes for handles to fit into to turn the handstone. All the handle holes show signs of wear and one had worn right through. This indicates that the handles were loose rather than wedged, which with the tapering and collared hopper indicates a type of disc quern which has been around since the 4th century AD.

Rotary querns were invented around the 1st century BC and were prominent up until the advent of mechanized mills in the mid to late 19th century. This type of quern, a disc with two or three handle holes, is usually only found in Scotland and Northern England.

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How many saddle types are there?

Types – In the Western world there are two basic types of saddles used today for horseback riding, usually called the English saddle and the “stock” saddle. The best known stock saddle is the American western saddle, followed by the Australian stock saddle, In Asia and throughout the world, there are numerous saddles of unique designs used by various nationalities and ethnic groups.

What is the knob on the front of a saddle called?

Pommel – Definition, Meaning & Synonyms

A pommel is the rounded knob on a horse’s saddle that a rider grips with one hand. The raised front of the saddle itself can also be called a pommel, Some saddles, particularly the modern western type, have a metal grip at the front, known either as a horn or a pommel,

verb strike, usually with the fist synonyms:,
noun handgrip formed by the raised front part of a saddle synonyms:
noun a handgrip that a gymnast uses when performing exercises on a pommel horse
noun an ornament in the shape of a ball on the hilt of a sword or dagger synonyms:

Did medieval saddles have horns?

Roman Saddles – When the Romans first invaded Britain they did not ride on saddles, but towards the end of their empire they began to use them. Their saddles did look very different to those we use today! Roman Cavalry Saddle (photo courtesy of ) The main difference between the saddles we know today and the Roman Cavalry Saddle is that it had no stirrups. The saddle had 4 horns (pommels) which the rider used to get a good grip with his thighs. His hands were then free to hold and use the shield, sword, spear and javelins.

If unseated, getting back on could be a problem.
However, there is evidence that riders were trained to mount a horse at canter by vaulting.
The Roman saddle was held in place by a simple girth together with a breast strap and breech strap (around the horse’s bottom) to keep it from moving forwards or back.

It was nearly a thousand years later before the saddle came into general use in Europe, when the medieval knights made improvements to the early design of the Sarmatian saddle. It has continued evolving to the saddles we use today.

Why do saddles have pommels?

The pommel – At the front of the saddle, the pommel essentially protects the horse’s spinal processes from the underside of the arch of the tree. The pommel should sit level with the cantle, or for dressage up to three inches below the cantle.

Did Harappans use stone blades or metal tools?

Archaeologists have also identified the tools used for harvesting. Harappans used stone blades set in wooden handles and metal tools made of copper.

Where were the large granaries found?

Question: The great granary of Indus valley civilization has been discovered by which site? – Answer: Granary is a brick structure with 45 mtr north-south and 45 mtr east-west. It was found at Mohenjodaro at Harappa. It is called the Indus Valley civilisation as it was the earliest site of civilization.

The Great Granary was the largest building discovered at Mohenjodaro.
Granary was built on a raised platform to protect it from flooding.
It consists of rows of circular brick platforms.
It was built from threshing grains because of remains like wheat and barley found in the floor’s crevices.
The brick structure has a central passage about seven mtr wide and is partly paved with two rows of six rooms.

The front measures 15.2 X 6.1 Mtrs and has three walls with air space. The structure of granaries was based on comparisons with Roman buildings. Rulers and officials meet in such large buildings. The major sites of the Indus valley civilization were Mohenjodaro and Harappa.

They were situated south and north of the Indus river.
The sites located in India are Kali bangan, lothal, Ropar, rakhigarhi etc.
Indus valley civilization is in grid type pattern where structures of offices, houses and markets were patterned like a grid.
Alibangan, a site in Rajasthan, has a bronze figure of a bull.

During the Indus valley civilization, many beads and ornaments were found like necklaces, anklets, earrings, fillets etc. They were made up of metals and gemstones. Storehouses were developed in Harappa, Mohenjodaro and lothal.

What is plight of Harappa?

IAS Prelims Exam: Ancient History NCERT Questions: The Harappan Civilisation Set II For the aspirants of IAS Prelims Exam, following Multiple Choice Questions of Ancient Indian History would help students in understanding the nature of questions asked in IAS Prelims Exam.

Questions asked from Ancient Indian History section in IAS Prelims Exam are quite easy but the candidates need to memorise well before appearing in the exam. The candidates should have balanced preparation of overall three sections of the History and its chronology is one of the most important parts of the subject history which enable candidates to memorise well every important aspects of history.

Following Multiple Choice Questions of Ancient Indian History would help students in understanding the nature of questions asked in IAS Prelims Exam. Q1. Consider the following statements regarding artefact found at the sites of Indus Valley Civilisation: I.

For processing food, the grinding equipments as well as for mixing, blending and cooking, the equipments were made of stone, metal and terracotta.II.
Saddle querns were found in Mohenjodaro, the best known site of Harappan Civilisation. III.
Saddle querns were roughly made of hard, gritty, igneous rock or sandstone and mostly show signs of hard usage.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?A. Only IB. I and IIC. I and III

D. All of the above
Answer: D

Explanation: Saddle querns have been found in considerable numbers from the site of Mohenjodaro and it seems that such objects have been the only means in use for grinding cereals. Saddle querns were roughly made of hard, gritty, igneous rock or sandstone and mostly show signs of hard usage.

Q2. Consider the following statements regarding the planned urban centre of Mohenjodaro, the best known site of Harappan Civilisation: I. In Mohenjodaro, the settlement is divided into two sections, one smaller but higher and the other much larger but lower, archaeologists designate these as the Citadel and the Lower Town respectively.II.

The Citadel owes its height to the fact that buildings were constructed on hilly region. III. In Lower Town several buildings were built on platforms, which served as foundations. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?A. Only IB. I and IIC. I and III

D. All of the above
Answer: C

Explanation: The Citadel owes its height to the fact that buildings were constructed on mud brick platforms. In Lower Town several buildings were built on platforms, which served as foundations. It has been calculated that if one labourer moved roughly a cubic metre of earth daily, just to put the foundations in place it would have required four million person-days, in other words, mobilising labour on a very large scale.

Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the plight of Harappa? I. Harappa was the first site to be discovered which was badly destroyed by brick robbers.II. As early as 1875, Alexander Cunningham, the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), often called the father of Indian archaeology.

III. Alexander Cunningham noted that the amount of brick taken from the ancient site was enough to lay bricks for “about 100 miles” of the railway line between Delhi and Karachi. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?A. Only IB. I and IIC. I and III

D. All of the above
Answer: B

Explanation: As early as 1875, Alexander Cunningham, the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), often called the father of Indian archaeology. Alexander Cunningham noted that the amount of brick taken from the ancient site was enough to lay bricks for “about 100 miles” of the railway line between Lahore and Multan.

Due to this, structures at the site of Harappa were damaged. In contrast, Mohenjodaro was far better preserved. Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the drainage system of Harappa: I. Harappan cities were randomly planned there were no specific pattern of drainage system.II. It is true that Harappan cities had carefully planned drainage system as the roads and streets in Lower Town were laid out along an “approximate” grid pattern, intersecting at right angle.

III. If you look at the plan, it seems that streets with drains were laid out first and then houses built along them. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?A. Only IB. I and IIC. II and III

D. All of the above
Answer: C

Explanation: The carefully drainage system of Harappan cities made it unique site among other sites of Indus Valley Civilisation. Harappan cities had carefully planned drainage system as the roads and streets in Lower Town were laid out along an “approximate” grid pattern, intersecting at right angle.

Q5. Consider the following statements regarding Citadels of Harappan period: I. The most Harappan settlements have a small high western part and a larger lower eastern section, there are variations. II. At sites such as Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat), the entire settlement was fortified, and sections within the town were also separated by walls.

III. The Citadel within Lothal was not walled off, but was built at a height. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?A. Only IB. I and IIC. II and III

D. All of the above
Answer: D

Explanation: In Mohenjodaro, the settlement is divided into two sections, one smaller but higher and the other much larger but lower, archaeologists designate these as the Citadel and the Lower Town respectively. Citadel was walled, which meant that it was physically separated from the Lower Town.

Q6. Consider the following statements regarding domestic architecture of the towns at Mohenjodaro: I. The Lower Town at Mohenjodaro provides examples of residential buildings and many were centred on a courtyard, with rooms on all sides. II. The courtyard was probably the centre of activities such as cooking and weaving, particularly during hot and dry weather.

III. There are no windows in the walls along the ground level. Besides, the main entrance does not give a direct view of the interior or the courtyard. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?A. Only IB. I and IIC. II and III

D. All of the above
Answer: D

Explanation: Every house had its own bathroom paved with bricks, with drains connected through the wall to the street drains. Some houses have remains of staircases to reach a second storey or the roof. Many houses had wells, often in a room that could be reached from the outside and perhaps used by passers-by.

Scholars have estimated that the total number of wells in Mohenjodaro was about 700. Q7. Consider the following statements regarding the Great Bath at the site of Mohenjodaro: I. The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all four sides.II. There were two flights of steps on the north and south leading into the tank, which was made watertight by setting bricks on edge and using a mortar of gypsum.

III. There were rooms on three sides, in one of which was a large well. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?A. Only IB. I and IIC. II and III

D. All of the above
Answer: D

Explanation: It is on the Citadel that we find evidence of structures that were probably used for special public purposes. These include the warehouse– a massive structure of which the lower brick portions remain, while the upper portions, probably of wood, decayed long ago – and the Great Bath.

Q8. Consider the following statements regarding the uniqueness of Great Bath at the site of Mohenjodaro: I. Water from the tank i.e. the Great Bath flowed into a huge drain. II. Across a lane to the north lay a smaller building with eight bathrooms, four on each side of a corridor, with drains from each bathroom connecting to a drain that ran along the corridor.

III. The uniqueness of the structure, as well as the context in which it was found (the Citadel, with several distinctive buildings), has led scholars to suggest that it was meant for some kind of a special ritual bath. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?A.

D. All of the above
Answer: D

Explanation: The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all four sides. There were two flights of steps on the north and south leading into the tank, which was made watertight by setting bricks on edge and using a mortar of gypsum.

D. Rajasthan, India
Answer. B

Explanation: The site of Mohenjodaro is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan on the bank of Indus River. This region is semi arid and flooded region of the province known for its riverine trade with the sites of the subcontinents. Q10. From which of the following site the seal of Virgin-Goddess has been recovered? A. HarappaB. MohenjodaroC. Chanhudaro

D. Lothal
Answer: A
Explanation: Apart from the seal of virgin-Goddess, women’s quarters, Stone symbols of lingam (male sex-organs) and Yoni (female sex-organs), clay figure of Mother Goddess, painted pottery also has been recovered from the Harappan site of the Indus Civilisation.
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: IAS Prelims Exam: Ancient History NCERT Questions: The Harappan Civilisation Set II

What were the different phases of Harappan culture?

The Indus Valley Civilization is often separated into three phases: the Early Harappan Phase from 3300 to 2600 BCE, the Mature Harappan Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and the Late Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE. This map shows the extent of the Indus Valley Civilization during the Mature Harappan Phase.

What is Harappan civilization class 12?

Indus valley civilization is also known as Harappan civilization. It started flourishing along River Indus (now in Pakistan) at around 2600 B.C Harappa was the first site of this civilization discovered by archaeologists. It was an URBAN civilization.

How did the Harappan civilization come to an end discuss?

Answer: Climate changes and geographic changes such as the drying of rivers have caused the end of the Harappan civilisation. It is also explained that deforestation and floods are recognised as the significant reasons for Harappan civilisation.

What is the definition of quern?

Noun. ˈkwərn. : a primitive hand mill for grinding grain.

What do you understand by the term rotary querns?

Rotary quern or hand-mill is a simple but successful device consisting of two circular stones fit together with an upper mobile element, called the handstone, rotating over the bottom stationary stone by means of a projecting handle. It was used to grind grain into flour for domestic purposes.

When was the Rotary Quern invented?

The true quern, a heavy device worked by slave or animal power, appeared by Roman times. Cato the Elder describes a 2nd-century-bc rotary quern consisting of a concave lower stone and a convex upper, turned by a pair of asses. Many such large querns were found in the ruins of Pompeii.

What is used for grinding in olden days?

This article is about the traditional metalworking tool. For industrial grinding wheels, see Grinding wheel, For grindstones used to process foods, see millstone, For the 2019 video game, see Grindstone (video game), The Knife-grinder by Goya shows a man using a portable grindstone. A grindstone, also known as grinding stone, is a sharpening stone used for grinding or sharpening ferrous tools, used since ancient times. Tools are sharpened by the stone’s abrasive qualities that remove material from the tool through friction in order to create a fine edge.

Indira Usman